The Ethereum blockchain has reached the end of a long journey, as after countless tests, the Fusaka update came into effect on December 3. This introduces changes that it aims to increase rollup throughput, tighten the gas market, and support standard key-style signatures. If we want to explain this in more detail, rollups throughput means the processing of transactions sent in packets by the second-tier solutions – with the change these can be handled cheaper and faster. The tightening of the gas market ensures that the system better regulates gas costs, thus avoiding major fluctuations. With the support of password signatures, cryptographic keys can now be used natively for authentication.
This is what the Fusaka update brings to Ethereum
In addition to what was mentioned in the introduction, the hard fork also introduces PeerDAS data access sampling, which allows network participants to more quickly verify that the data published by rollups is actually available. From now on, more transactions can be packed into the blocks, and Fusaka is also preparing the network for the blob parameter expansions that will be implemented by January (BPO1 “blob fork” on December 9, BPO2 will further increase capacity on January 7). Fusaka is named after the star Fulu (“byway”) and the city of Osaka (“slope or hill”), continuing Ethereum’s tradition of linking stars and cities in the name of updates.
The biggest change was briefly mentioned earlier PeerDAS brings it in the form of EIP-7694. The protocol allows nodes to verify the existence of blob data by sampling small chunks instead of downloading entire blobs. This removes the scaling bottleneck introduced by EIP-4844 and paves the way for significant increases in blob throughput. Greater blob capacity immediately means cheaper transaction costs for the second layer, because rollups compress user transactions into blobs and upload them to the underlying chain. Fusaka also increases the standard gas limit per block to 60 million, from the 30 million set after the merger. This leaves more room for both standard transactions and blob processing.
EIP-7918 requires that the minimum base fee for blobs is always linked to the gas required to execute transactions. This prevents the price of blobs from falling to a level close to zero, while gas costs on the electricity grid remain high. Previously, blob fees could differ significantly from execution costs, creating arbitrage opportunities and distorting the overall economy.
EIP-7939 introduces a new instruction for EVM that can count the number of leading zeros in the binary representation of a number. So operations like shifting and masking, which work directly on the binary form of numbers, will be cheaper and faster.
Fusaka was activated on December 3, with the first blob parameter setting coming six days later. BPO2 arrives on January 7, completing the initial capacity expansion. The gradual deployment allows node operators and rollup managers to monitor blob usage and performance before incrementing the next parameter. All adjustments focus on execution layer throughput, gas mechanics, and developer features. Fusaka is Ethereum update that mainly focuses on transfer speed since EIP-4844, which introduced blobs in March 2024.
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